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MARYLAND AS 
A PALATINATE 














MARYLAND AS 
A PALATINATE 






BY 






CONSTANCE LIPPINCOTT 














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printed tor private Circulation 

BY J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY, PHILADELPHIA 
1902 


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T"?r i.lSfiARy OF 
Two Coittt Ktrtrvc. 

JAN. 27 "1902 

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COPY a 

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Copyright, 1902 

BY 

Constance Lippincott 



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Contents 



lntro&uction 

PAGE 

1. Definition of a Palatinate 7 

2. Historical Instances of the Palatinate .... 7 

(a) European Palatinates. 

(b) Durham. i. 

(c) Avalon. 

(d) Georgia and the Carolinas. 

(e) Pennsylvania and Delaware. 
(/) Maryland. 

{g) Advantages of this Form of Government, and 
Reason for its Establishment in America. 

Cbaracteristics of flilar^lanD 

1. The Charter 15 

2. The Naming op Maryland 16 

3. The Origin of Maryland Law 17 

4. Land Tenure 18 

(a) Quit-Rents. 
(6) Caution Money, 
(c) Manors. 

5. The People and Life of Colonial Maryland. . . 22 

(a) Upper Classes. 
(6) Servants. 

(c) Convicts. 

(d) Slaves. 

5 



CONTENTS 

PAGE 

6. The Chukch and Clekgy 26 

7. Education 32 

8. Cities and Towns 33 

9. Methods of Travel and Means op Communication , . 35 

(a) Roads. 

(6) EoUing Roads. 

(c) Post-Roads and Routes. 

(d) Vehicles. 

10. Finance 39 

11. Famous Men 42 

Summary 45 

Bibliograpbs 47 



Ilntrobuction 



(i) Definition of a Palatinate : 

BCCOKDING to the Century Dictionary, a 
palatinate is the dominion of a count pala- 
►' tine.^ In England, an earl or count palatine 
had royal jurisdiction in his province ; all tenants- 
in-chief held of him ; he had his own courts, took 
proceeds of jurisdiction, and appointed his own 
sheriff.^ 



(2) Historical Instances of the Palatinate: 

/^^i^HOUGH the word palatinate is of Latin 
£ \ origin, and was first used in France, it is to 
^^m the Teutonic peoples that we must look for 

the fullest development of this form of government. 

(a) In Europe, we find the Rhenish palatinates, 
and the counties palatine of both England and Ire- 
land, the best known of which are Durham, Chester, 

'Century Dictionary, vol. v., under "palatinate" and "palatine." 
^ Larned's History of Ready Reference, vol. iv. p. 2411. 

7 



INTRODUCTION 



and Lancaster. In England, Durham alone retained 
its ancient privileges and government for any length 
of time, owing perhaps to the fact that its ruler, 
being a bishop, could not found a feudal family, and 
therefore was less apt to excite the king's jealousy. 
That the Bishops of Durham had quasi-regal powers 
in their palatinate is without doubt, but the king 
found many ways in which he could encroach on and 
limit their privileges.^ 

(b) Durham : There are many theories as to the 
origin of the Durham palatinate, three of which are 
well worth noticing : two of them trace its origin to 
the deliberate act of one of the English kings, proba- 
bly Alfred or William the Conqueror; the third 
looks on it as a growth not complete until the thir- 
teenth century, but a survival of local independence 
in the ancient kingdom of Northumbria.^ The latter 
theory is the one accepted by Lapsley in his work on 
Durham. Fiske inclines to the theory that Durham 
was founded by William I. to defend the border. 
This last theory is the one generally accepted. The 
bishop was at the height of his power between the 
years 1300 and 1400.' 

The bishop, as the head of the civil government, 
had the appointment of all the civil officers, and the 

^ Fiske's Old Virginia and her Neighbors, vol. i. p. 276. 
* Harvard Historical Studies, vol. viii. 
' Lapsley's County Palatine of Durham. 
8 



INTRODUCTION 



right to all lands forfeited in his province for what- 
soever cause. Many disputes with the clergy occurred 
through his being both temporal and spiritual lord/ 
It was the bishop's duty to keep the peace in his 
province and to punish and pardon malefactors. He 
had no right to make treaties or even to enter into 
direct communication with foreign powers, though 
this was often done with regard to Scotland. 

In Durham, all land was held immediately of the 
bishop and not of the king. 

The bishop had admiralty rights in his province : 
patrolling the coast was entrusted to him. He also 
had the privilege of staying procedure,^ and could 
suspend the execution of the law. 

The king checked and limited the bishop's su- 
premacy both in the regular course of the law and in 
the exercise of the royal prerogative.^ The fact that 
the bishop's office was elective, and therefore depended 
to a great extent on the king, further limited his 
authority. 

Palatinates were not, however, confined to the Old 
World : In America, besides Maryland, there were 
Avalon, Georgia, the Carolinas, Pennsylvania, and 
Delaware. 

(c) Avalon : Avalon, in Newfoundland, was granted 

^ Lapaley's County Palatine of Durham, p. 52. 
' Harvard Historical Studies, vol. viii. 
» Ibid. 

9 



INTRODUCTION 



to George Calvert, first Lord Baltimore, by James I. 
in 1624. The grant of Avalon is important, for on 
its charter the charter of Maryland was modelled.^ 
Avalon was to be held in capite by knight's service, 
probably the last instance by that tenure on record.'^ 
After the death of James I., Baltimore himself 
went, with his family, to his new colony, but the 
climate and troubles with the French forced him to 
give it up after having spent thirty thousand pounds 
on it.^ 

(d) Georgia and the Carolinas : These were at first 
proprietary colonies, but bad government soon in- 
duced them to put themselves under the direct sway 
of the crown.* 

{e) Pennsylvania and Delaware : Pennsylvania, 
under which head Delaware is included, was more 
fortunate, and remained a well-governed palatinate 
down to the Revolution. The government of Penn- 
sylvania differed slightly from that of Maryland in 
that there was no upper house in the assembly : the 
council only advised the governor and took no part 
in legislation.^ As Pennsylvania was established later 
than Maryland, the king was careful to limit the 

^ Browne's Maryland : The History of a Palatinate, pp. 7 and 8. 
' Ibid. » Ibid. 

*Fiske's Old Virginia and her Neighbors, vol. i. 
*Fiske's Civil Government in the United States. 

10 



INTRODUCTION 



powers of its proprietary, and make it more dependent 
on the crown.^ 

(/) Maryland — its Foundation: In 1633 Charles 
I. granted to Csecilius Calvert, second Lord Balti- 
more, a strip of land lying to the north of Virginia 
and bordering on the Chesapeake Bay, extending in- 
land indefinitely. Lord Baltimore, being a Catholic, 
wished to found a colony which would serve as a 
harbor of refuge to his oppressed co-religionists. The 
only way for him to accomplish his purpose without 
antagonizing the Protestant home government was 
to establish religious freedom. The colonists enjoyed 
freedom of worship under a beneficent but firm gov- 
ernment until 1692, when Maryland became a crown 
colony. 

In 1634 the first colonists were sent out under the 
leadership of Leonard Calvert, the younger brother 
of the lord proprietor. They landed and made a 
settlement at St. Mary's, honorably buying the land 
from the Indians. The early history of Maryland 
is uneventful, save for quarrels with Virginia and 
marked growth in wealth and population. Good gov- 
ernment and peace were of course the chief factors in 
this growth, but immigrants seeking a refuge from 
religious persecution considerably increased the popu- 
lation.^ 

' Columbia Studies, vol. vi. 

* Fiske's Old Virginia and her Neighbors, vol. i. p. 269. 
II 



INTRODUCTION 



The colony was governed by a governor, his coun- 
cil, and an assembly, consisting of the freemen of the 
province. The legislature consisted of an upper and 
a lower house : the members of the upper house, as 
also the governor, were appointed by the lord pro- 
prietor ; those of the lower were elected, thus securing 
what is dearest to the Anglo-Saxon race, — representa- 
tive government. Another safeguard to the liberties 
of the freemen was the fact that all taxation origi- 
nated in the lower house. 

{g) Advantages in this Form of Government and 
Keason for its Establishment in America : The Eng- 
lish border counties of Chester, Durham, and Lancas- 
ter were subject to sudden invasions from Wales and 
Scotland. In those days of slow travel it was im- 
possible to communicate with the central government 
in time to secure help to repel such invasions. The 
ruler of the county had, therefore, to have power to 
raise militia and declare martial law. As conditions 
in America were very similar, the palatinate form of 
government was thought to be the most suitable. As 
Maryland was situated in the heart of the enemy's 
country, at a distance of three thousand miles from 
the central government, it was imperative that the 
governor should have a free hand. The king granted, 
and could afford to grant, more privileges to the pro- 
prietary of Maryland than he could to the rulers of 
the counties palatine of England. Durham was forced 



INTRODUCTION 



to pay a certain tax to the royal treasury, levied and 
collected by the bishop as he saw fit/ whereas Mary- 
land was entirely exempt from imperial taxation. All 
that was required of Lord Baltimore was a formal 
acknowledgment of the king's over-lordship, — the 
presentation of two Indian arrows every year at 
Windsor. The king was also entitled to one-fifth of 
the gold, silver, and precious stones mined in the 
province, which afterwards proved a barren right. The 
chief difference between the j)alatinates of Durham 
and Maryland lay in the fact that the latter had 
popular representation, while the former had not. 

^ Harvard Historical Studies, vol. viii. 



13 



MARYLAND 
AS A PALATINATE 

Cbaracteristlcs of flUar^Ianb 



i) charter: 

/^^^HE charter of Maryland is substantially tlie 
£ \ same as that of Avalon, changed only so far 
^^m as was necessary to suit the new province.^ 
In the lord proprietor were vested almost regal 
powers : he could declare war and peace, call the 
fighting population to arms and declare martial law, 
erect towns, cities, and ports, levy tolls and duties, 
establish courts of justice, appoint judges, magistrates, 
and other civil ofiicers, execute the laws, and pardon 
offenders. Furthermore, he could erect manors, with 
courts-baron and courts-leet, also confer titles of no- 
bility, provided they differed from those of England. 
The initiative rested at first with him, — that is, he 
could make laws with the assent of the freemen of 
the province; but later this was reversed, — the free- 
men made laws subject to the lord proprietor's veto. 

In cases of emergency he could make ordinances 
not impairing life, limb, or property without the 
assent of the freemen. He was empowered to found 

1 Bacon's Translation of Maryland Charter ; Browne's Maryland : 
The History of a Palatinate. 

IS 



MARYLAND AS A PALATINATE 

churches and chapels, and to have them consecrated 
according to the ecclesiastical laws of England, and 
to appoint the incumbents. The lord proprietor was 
absolute lord of the land and water within his bounda- 
ries, and all metals and precious stones mined in the 
provinces belonged to him, with the exception of one- 
fifth, which belonged to the king. All writs ran in 
the name of the proprietary, and not in that of the 
king. There was practically no limit to the proprie- 
tary's authority, and had the Calverts not been wise 
and just the colony's history would have been very 
different from what it is. 



(2) The Naming of Maryland; 



^rTORD BALTIMORE wished to name his 
II province Crescentia, whether as an auspi- 
y^fcr cious omen for future progress or not we do 
not know ; but, desirous of pleasing the king, he 
asked him to suggest a name. Charles suggested 
Mariana, but Lord Baltimore objected on the ground 
that it was the name of a Spanish Jesuit who had 
written against monarchy. Finally, Terra Marice was 
chosen, and its anglicized form, Maryland, became 
the name of the province, and is the name of the 
state to-day.^ 

^ Browne's Maryland : The History of a Palatinate ; Scharf's His- 
tory of Maryland, vol. i. pp. 51 and 52. 

16 



MARYLAND AS A PALATINATE 

(3) The Origin of Maryland Law: 

BS the initiative in legislation was, by the 
charter, vested in the lord proprietor, he, 
•^ soon after the foundation, sent out a code of 
laws. This code was rejected by the freemen, and 
things were at a dead-lock. The freemen could make 
no laws, and they would not accept those made by 
the proprietary. In the meantime the province was 
without laws, and the common law of England was 
in force. A code of laws was formed by the freemen 
and the proprietary's assent obtained. Life, member, 
or freehold could not be taken away except by some 
express law of the province ; but in all other cases 
the common law, when not superseded by the laws 
of the province, was to be applied by the judges, so 
far as they found no inconvenience in its application.* 

In many respects the royal government was a dis- 
advantage to Maryland ; but one great thing it did 
do, — i.e., had the laws thoroughly revised and formed 
into an almost complete code, which is to-day the 
source from which the state laws are drawn. The 
colonists were always inclined to hold on to the 
common law of England ; still, they did not draw 
the line very sharply between the common and the 
statute law when the provincial law was silent.'^ 

The legal system of Maryland was simpler and 

^McMahon's History of Maryland, p. 113. 
* Browne's Maryland : The History of a Palatinate, p. 204. 
17 



MARYLAND AS A PALATINATE 

better than that of Virginia/ There were county 
courts, holding quarterly sessions, with a bench of 
magistrates competent to try cases involving not more 
than forty shillings. These magistrates were appointed 
and removed at pleasure by the governor, and were 
chosen from among the leading men of the province, 
no legal knowledge being necessary.^ The provincial 
court, sitting twice a year at Annapolis, transacted all 
the important legal business of the colony. Its judges 
were also appointed by the governor, but they were 
required to have a certain amount of legal knowl- 
edge.^ A high court of appeals and a court of chan- 
cery also existed, both of which were composed of 
the governor and his council, in his capacity of chan- 
cellor of the province. The business of the provin- 
cial court was large, and this tended to create a much 
better class of lawyers than in Virginia. That this 
was actually the case we know, as we find in the ranks 
of this profession many men of ability and position.* 

(4) Land Tenure: 

/^^^■^HE system of land tenure was modelled on 
£ \ feudal lines, and it seems to have worked 
^^m very well. As the proprietary was the 
owner of every square inch of ground in the prov- 
ince, he was universal landlord, — all tenants-in-chief 

* Lodge's History of the English Colonies in America, p. 115. 
^ Ibid. 3 Ibid. * Ibid. 

18 



MARYLAND AS A PALATINATE 

held of him, and, indirectly, the sub-tenants too. 
The services rendered by the tenant to the landlord 
in acknowledgment of the grant were of so free, 
determinate, and pacific a character as to effectually 
prevent undue exaction.^ The chief source of the 
proprietary's revenue was land grants, consisting of 
quit-rents, caution money paid at time of grant, and 
alienation fines, including fines upon devises. 

(a) Quit- Rents : Quit-rents were annual rents to 
be paid from year to year by the owner of the land 
granted in acknowledgment of the tenancy.^ In the 
early years of the colony the rent was payable in 
wheat, but after 1635 in money or the commodities 
of the province, just as the proprietary wished. The 
scarcity of money made this peculiarly burdensome 
to the colonists, so in 1671 payment in tobacco was 
accepted. As these rents were the private property of 
the proprietary, the returns of the collectors are not 
found in the public records, and it is therefore very 
difficult to ascertain the amount of revenue derived 
from them. After 1733 more regularity in collecting 
was observed, and there are in existence several " debt- 
books" of this period.^ These books specified the rent 
due by each person and the lands on which it accrued. 
From these debt-books we learn that in 1770 the 
gross amount of quit-rents was eight thousand four 

^ McMahon's History of Maryland, p. 168. 

2Ibid., p. 169. "Ibid., p. 171. 

19 



MARYLAND AS A PALATINATE 

hundred pounds, and when we deduct the expenses 
of collection, seven thousand five hundred pounds 
was all that went to the proprietary.^ 

(b) Caution Money : The system of purchase upon 
payment of caution money was not known in the 
early days of the colony : every person coming into 
the colony was entitled to a certain amount of land, 
paying only a moderate quit-rent. The more people 
he brought with him, the more land he was given, 
proportionately to the age and sex of those whom 
he brought. When the population and wealth of 
the colony had increased sufficiently to render these 
inducements to settlers unnecessary, the system of 
granting lands on the payment of caution money 
was introduced, and it prevails to this day.^ The 
amount of caution money was regulated by the 
proprietary, and varied at different periods, though 
at all periods it must have been a considerable source 
of revenue. 

(c) Manors : By the nineteenth clause of the 
charter' the lord proprietor was privileged to erect 
manors, with courts-baron and courts-leet. In 1641 
it was enacted that the grant of a manor should be 
the reward of every settler who brought with him 

^ McMahon's History of Maryland, pp. 171, 172, and 177. 

*Ibid., p. 173. 

'Bacon's Translation of Charter as found in Bozman. 

20 



MARYLAND AS A PALATINATE 

from England twenty able-bodied men, well armed. 
In this we have the key to Lord Baltimore's main 
object in erecting manors, — the military defence of 
the province/ 

The manorial system was well adapted to secure 
liberty and order in rural communities before the 
days of dense population and rapid communication.^ 
The court-baron was held by the lord of the manor for 
the purpose of trying controversies relating to manor 
lands, trespasses, alienations, reliefs, metes and bounds, 
and other minor matters.' Here, also, the tenant did 
fealty for his land or received seisin.* The court-leet 
was a popular court held by the bailiff or steward, 
and composed of all freemen living on the manor.^ 
In the court-leet judicial and legislative functions 
were united : in its legislative capacity it enacted by- 
laws, elected constables and bailiffs ; in its judicial 
capacity it empanelled its jury, and, with the steward 
of the manor presiding as judge, it fined or im- 
prisoned thieves, vagrants, poachers, and fraudulent 
dealers.*' An old record of courts-baron and courts- 
leet held at St. Clement's Manor from 1659 to 1672 
serves to show that these functions were actually 
exercised. In it cases for assaults, appropriations of 

^ Fiske's Old Virginia and her Neighbors, vol. i. 

» Ibid. 

* Browne's Maryland : The History of a Palatinate, p. 177. 

*Ibid. 

*Ibid., p. 177 ; Fiske's Old Virginia and her Neighbors, vol. i. 

'Fiske's Old Virginia and her Neighbors, vol. ii. p. 148, 

21 



MARYLAND AS A PALATINATE 

wild hogs, keeping unlicensed ale-houses, trespasses, 
thefts, etc., are mentioned. The " King of Chaptico" 
is tried for pig-stealing, metes and bounds are looked 
into, constables appointed, leases examined, reliefs 
upon alienation presented, and the doings of Indians 
looked after.^ This is the only instance on record of 
the trial of a king by a manorial court.'^ 



(5) People and Life of Colonial Maryland: 

/^^^^HE early settlers of Maryland were divided 
1^1 as follows : the upper and middle classes, 
^■^ composed of planters, farmers, and mer- 
chants, the poor whites and freedmen, and the servile 
class. 

(a) The Upper Classes: The people of Maryland 
were practically all planters, living a free, healthy, 
out-of-door life. They were, as a whole, industrious, 
prosperous, and shrewd, but the wealthy planters 
were indolent, caring for little but fox-hunting, horse- 
racing, cock-fighting, dining, and gaming. Card- 
playing was also very popular, and scarcely a night 
went by without a dance at one of the country- 
houses.^ " Great entertainments signalized the days 

^ Browne's Maryland : The History of a Palatinate, p. 178. 
■' Ibid. 

^Lodge's History of the English Colonies in America, pp. 125-127. 

22 



MARYLAND AS A PALATINATE 

of St. George, St. Patrick, and St. David.^ Accord- 
ing to Eddis, there was also a local pseudo-saint, 
St. Tamina, for whom bucks' tails were worn in caps 
on the first of May, and whom the frolicsome young 
people delighted to honor." ^ St. Tamina had a 
society founded in her honor which gave balls and 
masquerades. The gayety and fashion of the colony 
centred at Annapolis. Here there were a jockey club, 
annual races, a South Kiver Club, with a club-house 
for fishing-parties and picnics, assemblies once a fort- 
night, and grand balls given by the governor. On the 
birth-night of the king and the proprietary, or to 
celebrate a great victory, there were general feasting 
and merry-making, illuminations, and processions, in 
which all joined, with a Punch and Judy show for the 
populace. Excursions down the bay were a favorite 
diversion. Marriages were celebrated at the house, 
and were succeeded by dancing, supper, and cards.^ 
One of the chief features of Annapolis was the 
theatre. The first professional dramatic performance 
was given at Annapolis, and there the first theatre 
was built.* The first play-bill ever printed in 
America is to be found in the Maryland Gazette, 
July 2, 1752, announcing that " by permission of 
his honour, the president, at the new theatre in 
Annapolis, by the company of comediens on Monday 

^ International Eeview, June, 1880, vol. viii. p. 581. 

2 Ibid. 

* Lodge's History of the English Colonies in America, p. 129. 

*Scharf's History of Maryland, vol. ii. p. 98. 

23 



MARYLAND AS A PALATINATE 

next, being the 6th of this instant July, will be 
performed 'The Busy Body,' likewise a farce called 
* The Laying Varlet.' To begin preceisely at 7 o'clock. 
Tickets to be had at the printing office. No persons 
to be admitted behind the scenes." Box seats were 
sold for ten shillings ; pit, seven shillings and six 
pence ; gallery, five shillings. Each man sat in the 
theatre according to rank.^ 

The habits of the Marylanders were primitive and 
simple, but marked by large-hearted generosity and 
neighborliness. Boundless hospitality was everywhere 
found. Guests were always more than welcome, even 
when they came unexpected and uninvited. Small 
wonder those old-time planters kept a good table and 
lived like princes, when the rivers and bay teemed with 
fish and the forests swarmed with game : even venison 
could be had for the asking. They were fond of 
hard drinking, too, but they had the constitutions to 
stand it. A man who can hunt a fox across country 
thirty miles in one day can do almost anything. 

(b) Servants: The indented servants belonged to 
what was called the servile class, as did also the 
slaves, convicts, and free-willers.^ The indented 
servants, including the redemptioners, or free-willers, 
were immigrants, who, being unable to pay their 
passage to the province, contracted with a London or 

^ Scharf's History of Maryland, vol. ii. p, 98. 
* Lodge's History of the English Colonies in America, p. 125. 

24 



MARYLAND AS A PALATINATE 

Bristol merchant to serve for two, three, or four years 
after their arrival, either some specified person, or 
simply the assigns of the original contractor. In 
either case, if they disliked their employer, they had 
the privilege of choosing another.^ The labor was 
not hard, — five and a half days a week in summer, 
and in winter as much free time as they liked for 
hunting. At the end of their term of service they 
became freemen, were given a year's provisions, tools, 
and clothing by their masters, and could take up fifty 
acres of land. The women who came over in this 
way either became servants or were married by the 
planters.^ According to Scharf, servants were very 
badly treated, so much so, indeed, that they often ran 
away. The penalty for running away from a master 
was accordingly made very severe.^ 

(c) Convicts: The colonists protested against the 
introduction of convicts, but to no avail, and Mary- 
land was practically made a penal colony. Later, 
many of these convicts were persons implicated in 
Jacobite plots, and whose only crime was loyalty to 
the House of Stuart.* Convicts usually returned 
home after serving out their time, which was seven 
or fourteen years .^ 

1 Browne's Maryland : The History of a Palatinate, p. 180. 
'Ibid., pp. 180 and 181. 
* Scharf s History of Maryland, vol. ii. 

♦Browne's Maryland : The History of a Palatinate, pp. 180 and 181. 
^Scharf's History of Maryland, vol. ii. p. 55. 

25 



MARYLAND AS A PALATINATE 

(d) Slaves : Negro slavery existed in Maryland 
from the earliest times, but it was not till the Assiento 
trade was placed by the Treaty of Utrecht, 1713, in 
the hands of England that it reached alarming pro- 
portions. All negroes in the province were slaves 
for life, but the laws of the province regulated the 
relations between master and servant, punishing ex- 
cessive severity. In 1695 a duty of ten shillings per 
poll was imposed on all negroes imported into Mary- 
land, and in 1704 this duty was raised to twenty 
shillings. The line between the whites and the 
negroes was very sharply drawn ; the negroes even 
lived in different quarters at quite a distance from 
the master's house. Maryland was a slave-holding 
state at the outbreak of the Civil War, but opinions 
were so divided that she did not leave the Union. 

(6) The Church and Clergy: 

•yi^j/C^ HEN the first colonists came out they 
m. ML. LI were accompanied by two Jesuit priests.* 
^^^rV Father Andrew White has left us an 
interesting account of the voyage and the first years 
of the colony, also of his work among the Indians.^ 
These good men carried on a splendid work among 
the colonists and Indians until the Jesuits were 
removed from the missions and prefect and secular 

* Browne's Maryland : The History of a Palatinate, pp. 53 and 54. 
nbid. 

26 



MARYLAND AS A PALATINATE 

priests installed instead. This step of Lord Balti- 
more's was apparently cruel, but his usual wise fore- 
thought induced him to take it for the good of the 
colony. It was clearly not a blow aimed at the 
Catholics, as Lord Baltimore was himself a Bomanist. 
The chief reasons were as follows : the grateful In- 
dians had bestowed large tracts of land on the priests, 
which they had no right to do, as all the land be- 
longed to the proprietary. Furthermore, the priests, 
living as they did in the wilderness, were disposed to 
claim obedience to the canon and ecclesiastical law 
only, putting themselves above the common law. 
This dealt a blow to the constitution of the province, 
which declared all men equal before the law. In 
England this same battle had been fought five hun- 
dred years before between Henry 11. and Thomas 
a Becket, and the long struggle had finally ended in 
the assertion of men's equality before the law — a 
principle that is very dear to men of English race. 
Lord Baltimore was too much of an Englishman not 
to determine to prevent this at all costs. Looked at in 
this light, his action was not only necessary, but praise- 
worthy. He declared that no land should be held 
in mortmain in the province, and that no land should 
be granted to or held by any society or corporation, 
ecclesiastical or temporal, without special license from 
the proprietary. The policy of Lord Baltimore, 
which continued to be that of the government till 
1689, was "the toleration of all Christian churches 

2Z 



MARYLAND AS A PALATINATE 

and the establishment of none."^ This policy was 
partly due to the wise and liberal views of the first 
proprietary, and partly to the fact that in the colony 
the Protestants were in the majority, and it was there- 
fore impossible for the Catholics to be favored without 
causing a revolution, or, at the least, rendering the 
proprietary government most unpopular. All men 
were eligible for office. The only religious qualifica- 
tion necessary was belief in our Lord Jesus Christ. 
" These cherished principles of religious liberty were 
at length engrafted by law upon the government in 
1649, and the act which gave them legal sanction 
is one of the proudest memorials of our colonial 
history." ^ 

The way in which this liberty was overthrown 
and the results of that overthrow do not reflect so 
much credit on Maryland. The feeling of the Prot- 
estants in England over the arbitrary acts of James 
11. with regard to religion was reflected in that of 
the colonists. It naturally gave rise to a spirit of 
animosity on the part of the Protestant colonists to 
Catholics and also to the proprietary government. 
When William and Mary were proclaimed King and 
Queen of England, the proprietary sent word to have 
them proclaimed in Maryland. The messenger, how- 
ever, never arrived, and the Protestants, thinking that 
the proprietary refused to acknowledge the new sover- 

' McMahon's History of Maryland, p. 226. 
2 Ibid., pp. 226 and 227. 
28 



MARYLAND AS A PALATINATE 

eigns because of their religion, rose in revolt. The 
revolution was led by an association calling itself 
" An association in arms for the Protestant religion 
and for asserting the right of King William and 
Queen Mary to the province of Maryland and all the 
English dominions. '"^ Owing to the preponderance 
of Protestants in the province and the support of 
King William, the revolution was entirely successful 
and the proprietary government overthrown. For a 
short time the province was ruled by a convention, 
but in 1692 the royal government was established. 
A natural consequence was the introduction of the 
established church : the counties were divided into 
parishes and a poll-tax of forty pounds of tobacco 
was imposed for its support and the erection of 
churches.^ In the moment of triumph the victors 
showed no mercy. The Catholics and Quakers were 
hated and persecuted alike. The Catholics were 
forced to pay a double land tax, their share of the 
church tax, and were excluded from any office of 
profit or emolument.^ 

When the Church of England was established a 
great many disputes arose through the fact that there 
were no bishops. No clergyman, however evil his 
life, could be displaced except by a bishop, and the 
rite of confirmation was never administered.* 

^McMahon's History of Maryland, p. 237. 
»Ibid., p. 243. 

'Lodge's History of the English Colonies in America, p. 123. 
* International Review, June, 1880, vol. viii. p. 578. 

29 



MARYLAND AS A PALATINATE 

The majority of writers and the existing records 
testify to the immorality and vice of the clergy. In 
1753 a visiting clergyman, Dr. Chandler, wrote to 
the Bishop of London that "the general character 
of the clergy is wretchedly bad. It is readily con- 
fessed that there are some in the provinces whose 
behaviour is unexceptionable and exemplary ; but 
their number seems to be very small in comparison — 
they appearing here and there like lights shining in 
a dark place. It would really, my lord, make the 
ears of a sober heathen tingle to hear the stories that 
were told me by many serious persons of several 
clergymen in the neighbourhood of the parish where I 
visited ; but I still hope that some abatement may be 
fairly made on account of the prejudices of those who 
related them." ^ The utter degradation of the Mary- 
land clergy is hard to realize. They hunted, raced 
horses, drank, gambled, and were the parasites and 
boon companions of the wealthy planters. They ex- 
torted marriage fees from the poor by breaking off in 
the middle of the service and refusing to continue 
until they were paid. They became a byword in the 
other colonies, and every itinerant clergyman who 
was a low fellow and a disgrace to his profession 
passed under the cant name of a " Maryland parson." 
In 1734 a clergyman, always drunk and living out 
of his parish, was prosecuted by Commissary Hender- 
son for having introduced as his lay reader his own 

^ Lodge's History of the English Colonies in America, p. 123. 

30 



MARYLAND AS A PALATINATE 

clerk, a person who had been convicted of felony, and 
" this outcast of the prisons read the absolutions as if 
he had been a priest." The drunken rector threat- 
ened a lawsuit, and compelled the commissary to aban- 
don the charges and finally to relinquish his oiOfice.^ 

This terrible state of affairs lasted for about a hun- 
dred years.* The result was the rapid spread of other 
denominations and also a rapid increase of unbelievers. 
From 1720 up to the Revolution there was bitter hos- 
tility between the people and the established church 
— hostility to the degraded Maryland church, not to 
the Church of England. The laws from 1692 almost 
all concern the church, and many of them impose 
unjust taxes on all members of the colony and of all 
sects for the support of these contemptible clergy- 
men.^ Taxes of tobacco for church buildings are 
abundant in Bacon's Laws. 

The clergy and officials of the proprietary* were 
the only Tories in the province, and hatred of them 
was no small factor in creating a feeling of hostility 
towards the mother country, and in making Maryland 
join the ranks of the opposition in 1776.^ 

To say that all the Maryland clergy were dissolute 
and corrupt is much too sweeping a statement and 
should be considerably modified. There were many 



^ Scharf s History of Maryland, vol. ii. pp. 31 and 32. 

* Ibid. ^ Ibid., vol. ii. pp. 32 and 33. 

* Lodge's History of the English Colonies in America, p. 124. 
5 Ibid. 

31 



MARYLAND AS A PALATINATE 

clergymen who led godly lives, and, like the parson 
in Chaucer's " Canterbury Tales," " Christes lore and 
his apostles twelve, he taughte, but first he folwede it 
himself.'' 



(7) Education : 

^^ ^ DUCATION was not the strong point of 
11^^ colonial Maryland, but many writers have 
/^^^F given her less credit than she really de- 
serves. The lower classes, as a whole, were unedu- 
cated, but the children of the wealthy planters were 
taught, usually, by a private tutor. When they 
could afford it they sent their sons to be educated in 
England, and sometimes to France. As a people 
they were inclined to disdain education, and it was 
natural in days when men were chiefly engaged in 
making homes fOr themselves in the wilderness. 
During the first period of proprietary government 
there were no free schools, but in 1676 an act ^ pro- 
vided that " place or places for a free school, or place 
of study of Latin, Greek, writing, and the like, con- 
sisting of one master, one usher, and one hundred 
scholars, more or less, according to the ability of 
the said free school, may be made, erected, founded, 
propagated, established under your royal patronage." 
This act was addressed to William III. of England. 

^ Riley's Ancient City, p. 77. 
32 



MARYLAND AS A PALATINATE 

The first and most famous of the schools was King- 
William's School at Annapolis. In 1701 the school- 
house was completed. It was built of brick and con- 
tained, besides school-rooms, apartments for the teacher 
and his family. By the act of 1785 the property 
and funds of King William's School were conveyed 
to St. John's College.' 

The free schools were never very popular, probably 
because they were under church control. According 
to Scharf ^ the schoolmasters were on a par with the 
clergy as far as morals were concerned. " They had 
Latin and Greek enough, perhaps, but were of the 
hedge priest class, drunken in habits, severe and 
capricious in discipline, and teaching in a rude, irreg- 
ular way." Of course, there were many and notable 
exceptions, as is also the case with regard to the 
clergy. 



) Cities and Towns: 

mARYLANDEKS were very much averse 
to towns. Being an agricultural people 
living on their own farms, and passion- 
ately fond of freedom, they needed plenty of room 
and fresh air in which to develop. 

At first the ships unloaded and reloaded at the 

1 Scharf s History of Maryland, vol. ii. p. 27. 
nbid. 
3 33 



MARYLAND AS A PALATINATE 

planters' own doors ; but when the plantations were 
established in the interior, the planters realized that 
it was necessary for the province to have a port.^ 
St. Mary's and Annapolis were the only real towns of 
the colony for the first ninety years of its existence. 
Joppa, on the Gunpowder, was prosperous for about 
fifty years. In 1729 the assembly passed an act, at 
the solicitation of the planters, authorizing the pur- 
chase of the necessary land. Daniel and Charles 
Carroll immediately bought sixty acres at the part of 
the harbor now called the Basin, at forty shillings an 
acre. The following January the lots were laid off 
and put on sale. Those on the water front were sold 
right away, as was natural, seeing it was founded in 
the interest of commerce.'^ This town was called 
Baltimore for obvious reasons, but it seems not to 
have been the first of its name. In 1683 a Baltimore 
was laid off on Bush Biver, in Baltimore County, and 
in 1693 one in Dorchester County. These have no 
history ; if they ever existed, all traces of them have 
entirely disappeared, and no records exist.^ 

Baltimore owes its origin and much of its present 
prosperity to the grain trade.* 

The rural character of the colony is well illustrated 
by this dearth of towns, and even at the present day 
Baltimore is the only large city in Maryland. 

^Browne's Maryland : The History of a Palatinate, pp. 209-211. 
2 Ibid., p. 211. 

^ Colonial Life in Maryland, International Review, June, 1880. 
* Lodge's Short History of the English Colonies in America, p. 127. 

34 



MARYLAND AS A PALATINATE 

(9) Methods of Travel and Means of Com- 
munication : 

/^^^^KAVEL during the colonial period was by 
^ \ no means the easy matter that it is to-day, 
^■^ and was only indulged in as a matter of ne- 
cessity. It was not only difficult, but dangerous ; the 
roads, winding through thick woods, exposed the 
travellers to attacks by Indians.^ People usually trav- 
elled on horseback, though post-chaises with horses 
and servants could be hired.'^ 

Travelling in the interior was made still more dis- 
agreeable by the wretched accommodations, the inns 
being extremely poor, the food furnished by them so 
bad that it could not be eaten, and the rooms were 
very dirty and uncomfortable.^ 

As the first settlements were along the bay and 
rivers, most of the travelling was done by water. 
Gradually there developed types of craft for that 
purpose — small, fast-sailing vessels, which now sur- 
vive in the buckeye and sailing canoe.* 

Among the special bay craft were also pinnaces and 
light " pungies." Almost every plantation had water 

^ Henry Cabot Lodge, foot-note, Barnaby, p. 73. 
' International Review, June, 1880. 
=5 Ibid. 

* Fisher's Men, Women, and Manners in Colonial Times, pp. 183 
and 184. ^, ; . ;_ ^ 

35 



MARYLAND AS A PALATINATE 

communication with its neighbor, and ships from 
England, loaded and unloaded, lay at the planter's 
own wharf/ 

The horses were small and wiry and many of them 
ran wild in the swamps and woods.^ All trade, which 
was not very extensive, was carried on by water, 
chiefly with the New England states.^ 

(a) Roads: The roads were all ill-kept, narrow, 
and obstructed by gates, not even permitting two 
vehicles to pass one another.* Though attempts were 
made from time to time to improve the roads, most 
of them were mere trails or bridle-paths.^ In 1704 
a curious law was passed which provided that " any 
road leading to Annapolis should be marked on both 
sides with two notches on the trees, and where it left 
another road, with the letters A. A, cut into a tree. 
Roads on the Eastern Shore that led to Port William- 
stadt, now Oxford, to be marked in the same way 
with the letter * W.' Roads which led to county 
court-houses were to have two notches and a third 
some distance above. Roads leading to ferries were 
to have two notches all along, and where they turned 
aside from other roads, three notches at equal dis- 
tances from each other. Where a road turned off to 

^ Browne' a Maryland : The History of a Palatinate, p. 162. 
2 Ibid. 

' Lodge's History of the English Colonies in America, p. 122. 
*Scharf's History of Maryland, vol. ii. p. 96. 
* Fisher's Men, Women, and Manners in Colonial Times. 

36 



MARYLAND AS A PALATINATE 



a church, it was to be marked with ' a slip cut down 
the face of the tree near the ground.' " ^ 

In 1666 the assembly of Maryland passed " an act 
for marking highways and making the head of rivers, 
creeks, branches, and swamps passable for horse and 
foot."^ 

In 1704 the general assembly enacted that all pub- 
lic and main roads be cleared and grubbed and fit for 
travelling twenty feet wide.^ The best roads were all 
due to private enterprise.* 

(b) Rolling Roads: The planters who had water 
fronts cut narrow roads through the forest to take 
their tobacco to the coast. The tobacco was put in 
hogsheads and an axle was run through them, so that 
they could be rolled or drawn by a horse or an ox, 
hence the name " rolling roads." ^ Many of these 
roads are in existence at the present day and still 
go by theu' old names.*^ 

(c) Post-Roads and Routes: There were very few 
post-routes, and those were chiefly maintained by pri- 
vate enterprise.'^ In 1695 a post to Philadelphia was 

^ Fisher's'Men, Women, and Manners in Colonial Times. 
*Scharf' s History of Maryland, vol. i. p. 374. 
'Ibid. "Ibid., vol. ii. 

^Lodge's History of the English Colonies in America, p. 118. 
'Browne's Maryland : The History of a Palatinate, p. 162 ; Fisher's 
Men, Women, and Manners in Colonial Times. 
' Scharf's History of Maryland, vol. ii. p. 96. 

27 



MARYLAND AS A PALATINATE 

started/ The Conestoga wagon was the means of 
communication between Baltimore, Harrisburg, Fred- 
erick, Hagerstown, etc., while these outlying places 
in their turn were brought into intercourse with the 
backwoods and the wilderness by means of strings of 
pack-horses.'' The intercourse of Baltimore with the 
North was maintained by the quickest route, via 
Newcastle and Bock Hall. This route was owned by 
a Kinnard and a Hodges. Though the post-routes 
were so few and wretched, still competition was not 
lacking. Henry Callister threatened opposition to 
a Tilghman who owned the Kent Island post-route 
unless it were better managed. 

It is a curious coincidence that these old post-routes 
ran just where the turnpikes and railroads of the 
present day are built, a circumstance which speaks 
well for the engineering abilities of the colonists.^ 

(d) Vehicles : People of consequence all had their 
coaches, mostly of English build, with four horses 
attached, the leaders mounted by liveried postilions. 
In Annapolis ladies used sedan chairs for visiting, but 
two or three were probably enough for the whole 
town. Public conveyances were large, springless, 
open wagons, hung with leather or woollen curtains. 
Though they had coaches, etc., their favorite mode 

'Lodge's Historj'^ of the English Colonies in America, p. 131. 
* Scharf s History of Maryland, vol. ii. p. 96. <» 

'Ibid., pp. 97 and 98. 

38 



MARYLAND AS A PALATINATE 

of travel was on the horse, owing, perhaps, to the 
character of the roads. Ladies even rode to balls 
on horseback, wearing riding-habits over their ball- 
dresses. No wonder visitors were so welcome and 
their visits ajopreciated in the days when travel 
meant such an undertaking. Now we think nothing 
of a trip across the Atlantic or across the continent, 
and we are disposed to marvel at our stay-at-home 
ancestors, wondering how they stood it. We under- 
stand better, however, when we think of all travel- 
ling entailed in those days ; danger and discomfort 
were its chief characteristics, as is luxury at the 
present day.^ 



(lo) Finance: 

#^V N the early colonial period trade was chiefly 
■I carried on by barter, and with the Indians by 
3^ means of shell money, peak and roenoke; peak 
was made from conch-shell, and was of much more 
value than roenoke, which was made from cockle- 
shell.^ Beads were an essential article for traffic with 
the Indians, so much so, indeed, that the colonists of 
Virginia in 1621 set up a bead manufactory. Before 

1 Lodge, Carriages Light and Handsome. 

* Bozm?n, vol. ii. p. 77 ; also Scharf's History of Maryland, vol. i. 
p. 273. 

39 



MARYLAND AS A PALATINATE 

the coming of the Europeans the Indians had made 
their own beads in a rude and primitive sort of way. 
Perforated and strung upon strings, they were highly 
polished and of variegated colors. But tobacco, as 
the chief staple of the province, soon became the 
currency, or chief medium of exchange. When the 
cultivation of tobacco became extended, the cur- 
rency^ depreciated, as a matter of course, causing 
great distress and inconvenience to the colonists. 
"All dealings were founded upon it (tobacco), debts, 
rents, fines, salaries, levies, all were paid in tobacco, 
and in tobacco all accounts were kept." ^ The great 
need of a metal currency was felt throughout the 
province. Finally, after the assembly had discussed 
ways and means, the proprietary was appealed to. 
In response to this appeal. Lord Baltimore sent out 
specimens of a shilling, a sixpence, and a groat on 
approval.^ These were satisfactory, but, owing to 
Fendall's Rebellion, Lord Baltimore's project was 
deferred. In 1661 the assembly passed an act asking 
the proprietary to set up a mint in the province. 
This he refused to do, and, instead, sent out a supply 
of coin.* To secure its circulation, the currency was 
established at nine pence to a shilling, instead of 
twelve, as in England, and the people were ordered 
to buy ten shillings per poll of their taxables of this 

^ Scharf's History of Maryland, vol. i. p. 273. 

* Browne's Maryland : The History of a Palatinate, p. 114. 

* Ibid., pp. 115 and 116. * Ibid., pp. 115 and 116. 

40 



MARYLAND AS A PALATINATE 

coin and pay for it in good casked tobacco at two 
shillings per pound.^ This act was repealed in 1676, 
but the history of Maryland is marked by many ar- 
bitrary acts as regards currency, which had the effect 
of rendering the people discontented. The institu- 
tion of this metal currency did not, however, free the 
people from the evils of an over-production of to- 
bacco. Finally, a solution of the difficulty was 
thought to have been found when the cessation of 
planting for one year was proposed. An agreement 
was come to between Maryland, Virginia, and Caro- 
lina by which they were to cease planting for one 
year. The proprietary objected, and the subject was 
dropped.^ 

" In 1708 the rates of exchange, always fluctuating 
with the varying value of the staple, were arbitrarily 
set by law." ^ In 1733 paper money to the value of 
ninety thousand pounds, American currency, was 
issued, which was more than the province needed. 
While they had the actual currency, tobacco, in hand 
all the time, they were paying thirty-three and a 
half per cent, premium on this loan, and were obliged 
to take the bills at a discount for home use.* Tobacco 
was always the most stable currency of the province, 
and had the Marylanders stuck to it, they would prob- 
ably have fared better. 

^Scharf's History of Maryland, vol. ii. p. 35. 

^ Browne's Maryland : The History of a Palatinate, p. 117. 

^ Scharf's History of Maryland, vol. ii. p. 35. 

*Ibid., vol. ii. p. 36. 

41 



MARYLAND AS A PALATINATE 



(ii) Famous Men: 



EFORE forming an opinion as to the merits 
or demerits of the life and institutions of 
colonial Maryland, it is just as well to glance 
at the great men which they produced. A people that 
all through the colonial period were remarkable for 
their shrewdness and commercial ability naturally 
made good lawyers. It is thus to the law that we 
must look to find those names greatest in the annals of 
the province and the state, such names as those of the 
two Dulanys, the Tilghmans, the Taskers, the How- 
ards, Hansons, Bordleys, Luther Martin, Pinkney, 
Wirt, Charles Carroll, the barrister, and Chief-Justice 
Taney. Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, deserves 
mention as one of the signers of the Declaration of 
Independence, and as the richest man in America at 
the outbreak of the Revolution. The church boasts 
a name which she may well be proud of, that of 
Archbishop Carroll. We must not omit the name of 
the worthy Jesuit priest. Father Andrew White, who 
did such a splendid work in the early days of the 
colony. 

Any work on Maryland, however brief, would 
hardly be complete without a short sketch of the Cal- 
verts, the founders, owners, and rulers of the province. 
Though not natives of the province, still their histo- 
ries and that of Maryland are so closely connected 

42 



MARYLAND AS A PALATINATE 

that they deservedly claim a place in the ranks of 
her famous men. 

George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore, was a 
man of sterling qualities. Wise, God-fearing, and 
broad-minded, he managed to keep himself free from 
stain in the most dissolute court of Europe. He, a 
court favorite in the days when the term " court 
favorite" was a synonym of everything contemptible, 
was loved and respected by all. When he became a 
convert to the Roman Catholic faith, he bravely 
avowed it in the teeth of the Protestant court. 
Maybe you do not consider this a brave action ; but 
it cost Lord Baltimore a good deal ; he had to resign 
his high offices, but the king remained true to him. 
Unfortunately, he died before receiving the grant of 
Maryland, and it was given, instead, to his son, 
Csecilius Calvert, the worthy son of a worthy father. 
He inherited with his father's good qualities his ideas 
as to the foundation and government of the province. 
His firm and beneficent rule was a blessing to Mary- 
land, and under it she prospered and grew rapidly. 
The son and successor of Csecilius, Charles Calvert, 
was a very fine man, but his lack of self-control was 
continually getting him into trouble with the English 
government. From this time on the Calverts in each 
generation became more and more degenerate, till we 
come to the last and worst of his race, Frederick, 
sixth Lord Baltimore. 

Maryland was very fortunate in having for rulers 

43 



MARYLAND AS A PALATINATE 

men of such wisdom, firmness, justice, and modera- 
tion as her first proprietaries, who secured their own 
rights without infringing on the liberties of the colo- 
nists.^ 

^ Browne's Maryland : The History of a Palatinate, p. 126. 



44 



LoK'. 



Summari2 

^^1 T has not been my purpose to even attempt to 
II relate the history of Maryland as a palatinate, 
3w which has already been done in so admirable a 
way by Professor William Hand Browne ; my efforts 
have all been directed towards a general view of Mary- 
land during the palatinate period. Like the English 
counties, palatine Maryland was organized on feudal 
lines, ruled by a lord proprietary, a king in everything 
but name, who owed allegiance only to his over-lord, 
the King of England. The founders of the province, 
being Englishmen, modelled the institutions of Mary- 
land as closely as possible on those of the mother 
country. The common, and to a certain extent the 
statute, law of England was then, as it is now, the 
foundation of Maryland law. The system of land 
tenure was also derived from feudal England. Edu- 
cation was never very highly valued, but in spite of 
lack of sympathy from the people, the government 
instituted free schools governed by the church. We 
find the clue to much of their unpopularity in this 
last fact : the clergy, dissolute and immoral as they 
were, could not fail to excite the hatred and disgust 
of the colonists. 

Maryland was distinctly an agricultural province, 
kept so by the policy of the English government,^ 

^ McMahon's History of Maryland. 
45 



SUMMARY 



and the growth of towns was therefore slow and not 
encouraged by the colonists themselves. The English 
government, pursuing the selfish policy which she 
always followed towards the colonies, refused to let 
the Mary landers set up any manufactories. This was, 
no doubt, in order to secure a market for goods of 
British manufacture, and to secure a monopoly of the 
colony's trade.^ In spite of this short-sighted policy 
Maryland grew steadily in wealth and population, 
and from a small colony to a great, self-governing 
state. We have shown how peace and brotherly love 
prevailed until 1692, when the long dormant but not 
extinct volcano, religious hatred, had a violent erup- 
tion and the Catholics were driven to the wall. The 
intolerant behavior of the Protestant victors and the 
disgraceful character of the Church of England clergy 
are matters of history, but certainly painful to those 
to whom the fair fame of Maryland is dear. 

A splendid, stalwart race of men they were, these 
early settlers of Maryland, going undauntedly out 
into the wilderness to make homes where their chil- 
dren might be free. Their history was singularly 
peaceful. They directed their energies to the con- 
quering of nature, not to the slaying of their fellow- 
men, surely a nobler warfare. We have only to look 
at the history of the Revolution to see of what stuff 
these old Marylanders were made. Any state should 
be proud to have them for its founders. 

'McMahon's History of Maryland. 
46 



Bibliograpb^ 



Bacon's Tkanslation of the Maryland Charter. 

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Centuby Dictionary, Vol. Y. : 
"Palatinate and Palatine." 

Chambers's Encyclopedia, Vol. VII. : 
"Palatine." 

E. W. Clews, A.M. : 

" Education in the Colonies," "Columbia University Studies." 

Alice Morse Earle : 

" Home Life in Colonial Days." 

Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. XV. : 
"Maryland." 

Sidney G. Fisher : 

"Men, Women, and Manners in Colonial Times." 

John Fiske : 

" A Study in Civil Government in the United States." 
" Old Virginia and her Neighbors." 

Reuben Goldthwaite : 
"The Colonies." 

47 



JAN 27 1902 

JAN. 31 ^"i'? 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 



David Hume : 

"History of England." 

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" History of the United States." 

Gaillard Thomas Lapsley, Ph.D. : 

"The County Palatine of Durham," "Harvard University His- 
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Larned : 

" History for Eeady Reference," Vol. IV. 

E. C. Latimer : 

"Colonial Life in Maryland," "International Review," June, 
1880, Vol. VIII. 

Henry Cabot Lodge : 

"A Short History of the English Colonies in America." 

John V. L. McMahon : 

"An Historical View of the Government of Maryland." 

Elihu S. Riley : 

"The Ancient City." 

J. Thomas Scharf: 

" The History of Maryland." 

Shepherd : 

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Bernard C. Steiner : 

"History of Education in Maryland." 

Anne Hollingsworth Wharton : 

"Salons, Colonial and Republican." 

\ 



48 



atsi a palatinate 

AN HISTORICAL ESSAY 

BY 

CONSTANCE LIPPINCOTT 




fprtnteH for ^ribate Citntlation 

BY J. B. LIPPINCOTT CO., PHILADELPHIA 
M C M I I 



4 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




014 366 675 A 



